Process Server Glossary
Plain-English definitions of the words you will hear when hiring or working with a process server.
Process Server
A professional who delivers legal documents (summons, subpoenas, complaints, court orders) to the people or businesses named in a lawsuit. Process servers ensure that the recipient is given proper notice as required by due process.
Service of Process
The legal procedure of formally delivering court documents to a defendant or other party. Proper service gives the court jurisdiction to hear the case and moves the case forward.
Personal Service
Hand-delivery of legal documents directly to the person named in the documents. It is the most direct and widely accepted form of service of process.
Substituted Service
Delivering legal documents to someone other than the named party at the recipient's usual place of residence or business, when direct delivery is not possible. Rules vary by state.
Affidavit of Service / Proof of Service
A sworn statement completed by the process server after delivery, describing when, where, and how the documents were served. Courts use it to confirm that service was valid.
Rush / Expedited Service
Faster-than-standard process serving, usually attempted within 24–72 hours. Fees are higher because the server prioritizes the job.
Skip Tracing
The process of locating a person who is difficult to find. Process servers and investigators use public records, databases, and other tools to track down current addresses and contact information.
Registered Agent
A person or company designated to receive service of process on behalf of a business entity. Corporations and LLCs must maintain a registered agent in each state where they operate.
Due Process
A constitutional requirement that people receive fair notice and a chance to respond before a court takes action that affects their rights. Service of process is a cornerstone of due process.
Marshal vs Process Server
Marshals and sheriffs are law-enforcement officers who can serve legal documents as part of their official duties. Private process servers are civilians who specialize in timely, professional service and are often faster and more flexible.
E-filing
Filing court documents electronically through a court-approved portal. After a document is electronically filed, a process server may still be needed to serve it on the opposing party.
Stakeout / Surveillance
Waiting near a known location where a recipient is likely to appear so documents can be served in person. It is typically used only when other service methods fail.
Sources & further reading
Definitions reflect general U.S. legal practice and primary authorities. Always confirm the current rules for the state or court where service occurs.
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